Lowbrows as Rebels: Under What Circumstances a “Low” Musical Genre Can Change its Cultural Value? The Case of Disco Polo and Populism in Poland

Abstract

The sociology of culture and the sociology of valuation and evaluation are closely related (Lam-ont 2012). In both cases, social hierarchies are the primary, fundamental focal point. Usually, so-ciologists of culture show what the necessary conditions for building social boundaries in a givenhistorical context are (see e.g. Bourdieu, 1984; Ang, 1985; Ikegami, 2005). The main aim of this paper,however, is to present how lowbrow aesthetics can resist fierce social critique and how social stigmarelated to “low” tastes can be reversed. I focus on “disco polo” – a genre of simple dance music thatbecame popular in the early 1990s, almost disappeared in 2010s, and recently came back all of thesudden. Disco polo (henceforth: DP) formed an entire aesthetics style, comprising not only musicand a kitschy (thus stigmatized and ridiculed) style of videos, but also androcentric values behind thelyrics, a specific way of dressing – with prominent status signifiers such as golden chains or sportcars. Although the empirical material comes from Poland, the core issue is far more generally appli-cable: the rehabilitation of the lowermost (from the point of view of Bourdieusian dominant classes)kitschy tastes (Kulka 1996; Ward 1996), which is very different from camp sensibility (Sontag 2018).How can lowbrow consumers resist symbolic oppression and derive pleasure from culturally sanc-tioned “shameful” objects? Focusing on the historical example of this typically Polish music genre,I will show under what circumstances the open rejection of legitimate tastes and admiration of lowtastes is possible.