Studia Humana
type: channel
description: As of November 3, 2025, the journal Studia Humana has ceased publication; it is not accepting new submissions, but previous issues and articles remain available at https://journals.wsiz.edu.pl/sh. Studia Humana (SH) is a multi-disciplinary double blind peer reviewed journal publishing valuable contributions on methodological aspects of human and social sciences such as (1) analytic philosophy and philosophical logic related to universal features of epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, praxeology, non-classical logics and their applications to methodology of science, linguistics or theology, etc. as well as (2) communication and political economy to provide a forum for the academic discussion of original ideas which explore new approaches and methodologies in communication with emphasis on social economics and transitive processes, methodology of Austrian school of economics, economy and policy in conjunction with issues of culture, identity, gender, and ecology, etc., but predominantly with a comparative perspective for approaches and methodologies that are not in mainstream to promote dialogue and exchange in looking for new theoretical means of conceiving the life-world.
language: en
publication name: Studia Humana
issn: 2299-0518
items: Reflections on the Nature of the Evolution of Organisms and Environmental Systems in Conjunction with the Existence of the Universe and Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes
items: The Effect of Flexible Working Perception, Digital and Agile Organizational Culture on Technology Use: a Study from the Employees’ Perspective
items: Logos Reconstructed: On the Ideal of Adam’s Originally Perfect Language and Recovering its Semiotic Realism
items: What is Sport (Philosophically Speaking)?
items: The Philosophy of Non-Soviet Belarusian Poetry in the 1970s and 1980s
items: Challenges of Non-Soviet Poetry in Minsk During the BSSR Period
items: No Perils of Rejecting the Parity Argument
items: Autonomy in Stratified Structures
items: Cuneiform Šumma Sentences: Conditionals or Implications?
items: Did Antinatalism Precede Philosophy?
items: Consistency and Some Other Requirements of a Formal Theory in the Context of Multiverse Models
items: Feminist Film Theory: The Impact of Female Representation in Modern Movies
items: Is Utah the Most Sexist State? No
items: Logic Matters – Gender and Diversity, Too
items: Neural Networks in Legal Theory
items: Legal Gaps and their Logical Forms
items: Legal Reasoning and Logic
items: How Law’s Nature Influences Law’s Logic
items: Logic and Law: A Matter of Values Behind Content and Form
items: Proof of the Existence of Hell: An Extension of the Stone Paradox
items: Logic and Metalogic: a Historical Sketch
items: 100 Years of Logical Investigations at the University of Poznań
items: The Warsaw School of Logic: Main Pillars, Ideas, Significance
items: From the History of Lesniewski’s Mereology
items: Logic in Poland in the 20th Century
items: The Foreign Exchange Rate-Femicide Nexus in Turkey: Evidence from the Cointegration Tests Based on Nonlinear and Fourier Functions
items: The Influence of Organizational Culture on Human Capital Development of Polish Army Officers in the Context of Post-Service Employment
items: Structure of Labor: Toward a New Theory of Community and Economic Development
items: The Devil’s Triangle: Empirical Evidence from Turkey on Growth, Current Account Deficit, and Inflation
items: Response to Hewitt on Abortion

Reflections on the Nature of the Evolution of Organisms and Environmental Systems in Conjunction with the Existence of the Universe and Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes
type: item
description: This paper explores the deep interconnections between ecology, thermodynamics, cosmology, and the nature of life, arguing that energy, not matter, is the fundamental unifying principle underlying all natural and cosmic phenomena. Challenging mechanistic and reductionist paradigms, the authors integrate concepts from irreversible thermodynamics, open systems theory, and the anthropic principle to explain how life maintains order despite the universal tendency toward entropy. The discussion spans biological organization, the subjective perception of time (biological vs. thermodynamic vs. astronomical), and the cosmological conditions, such as the number of spatial dimensions and the role of dark energy, that permit complex life to exist. The paper posits that ecological and evolutionary processes are manifestations of universal thermodynamic regularities. It further contemplates the holographic nature of reality, memetic evolution, and humanity’s unique capacity for foresight and cultural development, all within the expanding framework of the Universe. Thus, the work presents a holistic, transdisciplinary vision in which life, consciousness, and cosmic structure emerge from the dynamic interplay of energy, space, and time.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: thermodynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: universe
  topic: keywords
subject: anthropic principle
  topic: keywords
subject: ecology
  topic: keywords
creator: Wawrzyniec Wawrzyniak
creator: Jan Woleński
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-13
publication date: 2025-05-13
starting page: 64
ending page: 78
doi: 10.2478/

The Effect of Flexible Working Perception, Digital and Agile Organizational Culture on Technology Use: a Study from the Employees’ Perspective
type: item
description: The purpose of this study is to examine the interaction of flexible working perception with digital and agile organizational cultures and the effects of this interaction on technology use from the perspective of employees. The research was carried out with data collected from 382 employees operating in different sectors (technology, finance, education, health) on the European Side of Istanbul. The data were collected using structured questionnaires and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), item-total correlation, Cronbach Alpha methods, correlation analysis and path analysis method were used within the scope of validity and reliability studies of the scales. In the study, a positive and significant relationship was found between the variables of flexible working and digital and agile organizational culture and technology use, while the perception of flexible working had a positive and significant effect on the perception of technology use. The study also concluded that digital and agile organizational culture has a significant effect on the perception of technology use. According to the results of the study, the perception of flexible working and digital and agile organizational cultures have a positive and significant effect on employees' use of technology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Perception of Flexible Working
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Organizational Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Agile Organizational Culture
  topic: keywords
subject: Technology Use
  topic: keywords
creator: Gökçe Akdemir Ömür
creator: Mesut Öztirak
creator: Ayşe Meriç Yazici
creator: Hüseyin Çiçeklioğlu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-13
publication date: 2025-05-13
starting page: 41
ending page: 54
doi: 10.2478/

Logos Reconstructed: On the Ideal of Adam’s Originally Perfect Language and Recovering its Semiotic Realism
type: item
description: Umberto Eco in The Search for the Perfect Language explores the ‘dream of a perfect language’ that has sought to recapitulate the lost perfection of Adam's original language. Humanity is seen as forgetful of the preternatural knowledge once contained in a transparent language that perfectly identified essences. Eco's historical narrative of this pursuit, labeled “a series of failures,” is examined first. Then, Leibniz’s Adamicism is explored, which asserts that a language can be Adamic if it mirrors the natural and non-arbitrary qualities of Adam's language. Cross-culturally, Sanskrit realism and Plato’s natural-name thesis support this, emphasizing the connection between words and meanings. Following this, the criteria for linguistic perfection (◊P) are established, relying on five necessary assumptions (A) concerning ontology, epistemology, accessibility, translatability, and intersubjectivity. This paper defends reconstructing an ideal language without seeking to return to the forever lost mother tongue. Instead, it assesses the potential for our current system-of-signs to regain semiotic realism and represent reality accurately. A thought experiment justifies returning to semiotic realism, examining the potential of revealing the hidden phenomenology of logos – the universal reason underlying all languages. Conclusively, this project rejects empirical nominalism and explores accessing the preternatural knowledge of necessary and immutable ideas, lost after the fall and Babel’s catastrophe.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: adamic language
  topic: keywords
subject: semiotic realism
  topic: keywords
subject: logos
  topic: keywords
subject: perfect language
  topic: keywords
subject: linguistic naturalism
  topic: keywords
subject: universals
  topic: keywords
subject: essences
  topic: keywords
subject: phenomenological method
  topic: keywords
creator: Rayan Magon
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-13
publication date: 2025-05-13
starting page: 19
ending page: 24
doi: 10.2478/

What is Sport (Philosophically Speaking)?
type: item
description: This paper proposes an analysis of sport from an analytic-philosophical point-of-view. The authors argue that although a definition in the traditional sense (per genus proximum and differentiam specificam) – conceived as analytic, synthetic, or regulative – is rather impossible, a conceptual description, using some key intuitions, can be achieved. These intuitions are suggested by taking into account phenomena such as physical culture and its properties, Olympic games and their regulations, or the popularity of sport as perceived by direct spectators and indirect observers, particularly on television. Various examples suggest that sport is a complex phenomenon, generally consisting of the actions of people, subordinated to rules that govern how sport actors behave. Hence, a normative aspect of sport must be taken into account in any conceptual analysis of sport. If the traditional manner for defining a concept is considered unavailable, then Wittgenstein’s strategy of analysis, via the notion of family resemblance, is recommended. The authors show that this can also be applied to the concept of sport. After mentioning Renford Bambrough’s interpretation of Wittgenstein, the authors propose to treat the name sport as referring to a mereological collection of parts, unified by several factors and forming a family resemblance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: definition
  topic: keywords
subject: family resemblance
  topic: keywords
subject: rules
  topic: keywords
subject: Wittgenstein
  topic: keywords
creator: Natan Berber
creator: Jan Woleński
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-13
publication date: 2025-05-13
starting page: 1
ending page: 18
doi: 10.2478/

The Philosophy of Non-Soviet Belarusian Poetry in the 1970s and 1980s
type: item
description: The interview given by Adam Hlobus (Uladzimir Vyachaslavavich Adamchyk, born September 29, 1958), a Belarusian writer, poet, artist, and publisher. He began publishing poetry in 1981 (in the newspaper Literature and Art and the magazine Maladosts). He is the founder of the Society of Young Writers “Tuteyshiya” (1986–1988). Selected books: Park (poetry, 1988), Loneliness at the Stadium (short stories, 1989), Death Is a Man (1992), Crossroads (1993), Damavikameron (1994), Just Don’t Tell My Mom (1995), Koidanava (1997), New Damavikameron (1998), Post Scriptum (1999), Texts (a collection of all previous books, 2000), Braslav Stigmata (2001), Notebooks (2003), Home (2005), coParticipants (2006), Letters (2006), Fairy Tales (2007), Convolutus (2008), Castle (2008), PLAY.BY (2009), Krutahory Fairy Tales (2010), New Sky (2010), Sayings (2012), Names. Literary Portraits (2013), Fairy Tales for Adults (2013), Portraits (2014), Stories about Minsk and Its Surroundings (2015), Reverse Perspective (2016), Family (2017), Capital Fairy Tales (2018), Features (2019), Angel (2021), Snowflake (2022), Our Neighbor Karatkevich (2025).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: totalitarian society
  topic: keywords
subject: poetry
  topic: keywords
subject: existentialism
  topic: keywords
subject: Minsk
  topic: keywords
subject: Belarusian philosophy
  topic: keywords
creator: Adam Hlobus
creator: Andrew Schumann
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-13
publication date: 2025-05-13
starting page: 55
ending page: 63
doi: 10.2478/

Challenges of Non-Soviet Poetry in Minsk During the BSSR Period
type: item
description: The interview given by Gershon Trestman (born July 29, 1947, Minsk), a Russian-language Belarusian and Israeli poet, prose writer, publicist, and playwright. He is a member of the Union of Writers of Israel, the Commonwealth of Russian-Speaking Writers of Israel “Stolitsa,” and the International Federation of Russian Writers. His work has been recognized with the Yu. Stern and Yu. Nagibin awards, as well as a gold medal for“outstanding achievements in literature and the arts” from the California Academy of Sciences. Selected works: The One Who Crossed the River (Tel Aviv, 1996); Golem, or Faust’s Curse (Moscow, 2007); A Small Country with a Great History (Israel, 2008, foreword by Avigdor Lieberman); The Great History of a Small Country (Israel, 2011); The Scroll of Esther (Jerusalem, 2013); The Land of Olive Guardians (Jerusalem, 2013); The Israeli Knot: The History of the Country – The History of Confrontation (Book-Sefer, 2014); The Land of Olive Guardians (Jerusalem, KKL-JNF, 2014); Job (Minsk, New Wineskins, 2014); ...Where There Are No Coordinates. Poems and Epics (Jerusalem, 2017); The Book of Non-Being (Minsk, Logvinov, 2019); Alphabet for Elderly Children (Jerusalem, 2023).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: totalitarian society
  topic: keywords
subject: poetry
  topic: keywords
subject: existentialism
  topic: keywords
subject: Minsk
  topic: keywords
creator: Gershon Trestman
creator: Andrew Schumann
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-04-16
publication date: 2025-04-16
starting page: 34
ending page: 36
doi: 10.2478/sh-2025-0004

No Perils of Rejecting the Parity Argument
type: item
description: Many moral realists have employed a strategy for arguing for moral realism by claiming that if epistemic normativity is categorical and that if this epistemic normativity exists, then categorical normativity exists. In this paper, we will discuss that argument, examine a way out, and respond to the objections people have recently raised in the literature. In the end, we conclude that the objections to our way out will do little in the way of motivating those who already do not believe in categorical normativity, thereby severing the power the aforementioned parity argument is designed to possess.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Moral error theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Meta-ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: Companions in guilt
  topic: keywords
subject: Nihilism
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Khuramy
creator: Erik Schulz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Studia Humana
date: 2025-04-16
publication date: 2025-04-16
starting page: 28
ending page: 33
doi: 10.2478/sh-2025-0003

Autonomy in Stratified Structures
type: item
description: This article proposes a minimalist concept of autonomy that is consistent with determinism, but negates fatalism. Drawing on Nicolai Hartmann's stratified ontology, it argues that autonomy is achieved not by suspending physical laws, but by introducing new, higher-level determinations unique to individual entities. The tension between general laws and individual autonomy is resolvedby emphasizing the unique properties and individual laws that apply to each entity. The article also explains how this minimal autonomy makes sense of setting goals and attempting to achieve them, demonstrating that even within a deterministic framework, individuals can have meaningful influence over their actions and outcomes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: autonomy
  topic: keywords
subject: stratified
  topic: keywords
subject: ontology
  topic: keywords
subject: determinism
  topic: keywords
subject: individuality
  topic: keywords
subject: philosophy of mind
  topic: keywords
creator: Rafał Dzierwa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-04-16
publication date: 2025-04-16
starting page: 15
ending page: 27
doi: 10.2478/sh-2025-0002

Cuneiform Šumma Sentences: Conditionals or Implications?
type: item
description: For a long time, it was believed in Assyriology and related disciplines that šumma sentences, or grammatical conditionals, which appeared in cuneiform texts and tablets of astrology, exorcism, law, extispicy, oneiromancy, medicine, and divination, were linguistic expressions of logical conditionals. F. Rochberg (2010; 2016) extended this belief, suggesting that they are even material conditionals. Andrew Schumann (2017; 2020; 2021) followed this, claiming that, as a result, we can trace the origin of symbolic logic in cuneiform writings, through which it moved to Greece. In this paper, after presenting this approach, I will challenge it by showing that šumma/IF sentences and similar constructs in cuneiform literature are arguments or implications that suffer from the same confusion between conditional and implication that Quine (1953/1966) highlighted when criticizing C.I. Lewis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: logic
  topic: keywords
subject: onditional
  topic: keywords
subject: mplication
  topic: keywords
subject: uneiform texts
  topic: keywords
subject: argument
  topic: keywords
subject: Babylonian science
  topic: keywords
subject: šumma
  topic: keywords
creator: Hany Moubarez
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-04-16
publication date: 2025-04-16
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.2478/sh-2025-0001

Did Antinatalism Precede Philosophy?
type: item
description: The interview given by Matti Häyry, PhD, Professor of Philosophy of Management at the Aalto University School of Business. Prof. Häyry has been involved in reproductive ethics and antinatalist philosophy since 1984. His 2004 A rational cure for prereproductive stress syndrome is considered to be the first expression of the so-called risk argument against procreation. His most recent publications on the topic, with Amanda Sukenick, include Imposing a lifestyle: A new argument for antinatalism and Antinatalism, Extinction, and the End of Procreative Self-Corruption. The origin and evolution of his views have been chronicled in detail on The Exploring Antinatalism Podcast, especially in its episode #65 and in episodes #1, #2 and #3 of its subchannel Hankikanto – Falling into the Anti/Natal Abyss.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: antinatalism
  topic: keywords
subject: ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: history
  topic: keywords
subject: life
  topic: keywords
subject: morality
  topic: keywords
subject: procreation
  topic: keywords
subject: rationality
  topic: keywords
subject: reproduction
  topic: keywords
subject: risk
  topic: keywords
creator: Konrad Szocik
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 34
ending page: 36
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0023

Consistency and Some Other Requirements of a Formal Theory in the Context of Multiverse Models
type: item
description: The paper is devoted to the problem of describing reality in the language of mathematics and logic in connection with intellectual intuition. The question raised is how the basic requirements of mathematical theory and logic will change if some of the multiverse models of modern physics are taken as the basis. Mathematics is considered in the context of various historical approaches. It is shown that some of the well-known requirements of a formal theory (such as consistency) may begin to play a different role if the multiverse hypothesis is accepted. In the framework of theories based on the idea of multiple worlds, the logical consequence, the natural law of Duns Scotus, the law of excluded middle, and other well-known facts of classical logic which in some cases cause controversy due to their intuitive unacceptability are resolved. The paper discusses an approach based on paraconsistent logics: such logics can be considered the first to correspond to multiverse theories.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: consistency
  topic: keywords
subject: contradiction
  topic: keywords
subject: formal theory
  topic: keywords
subject: multiverse theories
  topic: keywords
subject: philosophy of science
  topic: keywords
subject: intellectual intuition
  topic: keywords
creator: Ivan Karpenko
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 23—33
ending page: 23—33
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0022

Feminist Film Theory: The Impact of Female Representation in Modern Movies
type: item
description: In contemporary American cinema, the representation of women remains disproportionately limited despite significant social movements advocating for diversity and equality. This study examines the depiction of women in top-grossing films of 2018, contrasting those directed by men with those directed by women, to understand the influence of gender dynamics on cinematic portrayal. Analyzing the top five highest-grossing live-action movies directed by each gender, this research utilizes critical mass and critical actor theories to evaluate the impact of female filmmakers on the representation of women both on and off-screen. Findings reveal that films directed by women feature higher percentages of female characters and crew members in key roles, yet face substantial budgetary and box office disparities compared to their male-directed counterparts. Despite some progress, the film industry continues to exhibit systemic biases, necessitating further structural changes to achieve genuine gender equality in cinematic storytelling. This study underscores the need for increased opportunities and resources for female filmmakers to foster a more inclusive and diverse cinematic landscape.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: modern women in film
  topic: keywords
subject: gender representation
  topic: keywords
subject: female roles in cinema
  topic: keywords
subject: film industry inequality
  topic: keywords
subject: women in filmmaking
  topic: keywords
subject: women’s narratives in film
  topic: keywords
subject: women’s representation
  topic: keywords
subject: gender equality in film
  topic: keywords
creator: Katarzyna Wilk
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
starting page: 13
ending page: 22
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0021

Is Utah the Most Sexist State? No
type: item
description: This paper critically examines the claim that Utah is “the most sexist state” in the United States, as suggested by a WalletHub report ranking it lowest in “Women’s Equality.” Utilizing an economic analysis from the Austrian School perspective, this study scrutinizes the data, metrics, and conclusions of reports by the Utah Women & Leadership Project (UWLP). The analysis focuses on distinguishing statistical disparities from sexism, proposing that observed gender inequalities in Utah are largely influenced by cultural and economic factors, particularly the state’s high marriage rate and traditional gender roles. Contrary to the notion that sexism predominantly drives gender disparities, the paper argues that personal choices and subjective value theory play significant roles in shaping these outcomes. The study highlights the importance of considering cultural context, individual preferences, and the marital asymmetry hypothesis when interpreting gender-related data, challenging the assertion that Utah’s gender disparities are primarily due to sexist attitudes. The findings suggest that Utah’s gender gaps in areas such as income and workforce participation are more accurately attributed to the state’s unique cultural and economic landscape rather than pervasive sexism.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: wage gap
  topic: keywords
subject: sexism
  topic: keywords
subject: marriage
  topic: keywords
subject: discrimination
  topic: keywords
creator: David R. Iglesias
creator: Walter E. Block
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0020

Logic Matters – Gender and Diversity, Too
type: item
description: This interview features Andrea Reichenberger. Currently she holds a substitute professorship for history of technology at TUM Technical University of Munich. She is junior research group leader at the Department of Mathematics, University of Siegen, Germany, and leads the research project “Rethinking the History of Mathematics and Physics: Women in Focus.” Reichenberger has held several postdoctoral positions, e.g., at the Center for the History of Women Philosophers and Scientists (HWPS) at Paderborn University (Germany) and in the DFG research project “Thought Experiment, Metaphor, Model” at the Institute for Philosophy I at the Ruhr University Bochum. Between 2019 and 2021, she was a fellow at the University of Paderborn and principal investigator of the research project “Foundational research in mathematical logic – relativity – quantum physics. Case studies on the integration of women philosophers.” Reichenberger has written a book on Émilie du Châtelet (Springer, 2016) and has published many articles in journals, collected editions, and encyclopedias.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: logic
  topic: keywords
subject: feminist philosophy
  topic: keywords
subject: ethics
  topic: keywords
subject: war
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukraine
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrew Schumann
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 52
ending page: 54
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0019

Neural Networks in Legal Theory
type: item
description: This article explores the domain of legal analysis and its methodologies, emphasising the significance of generalisation in legal systems. It discusses the process of generalisation in relation to legal concepts and the development of ideal concepts that form the foundation of law. The article examines the role of logical induction and its similarities with semantic generalisation, highlighting their importance in legal decision-making. It also critiques the formaldeductive approach in legal practice and advocates for more adaptable models, incorporating fuzzy logic, non-monotonic defeasible reasoning, and artificial intelligence. The potential application of neural networks, specifically deep learning algorithms, in legal theory is also discussed. The article discusses how neural networks encode legal knowledge in their synaptic connections, while the syllogistic model condenses legal information into axioms. The article also highlights how neural networks assimilate novel experiences and exhibit evolutionary progression, unlike the deductive model of law. Additionally, the article examines the historical and theoretical foundations of jurisprudence that align with the basic principles of neural networks. It delves into the statistical analysis of legal phenomena and theories that view legal development as an evolutionary process. The article then explores Friedrich Hayek’s theory of law as an autonomous self-organising system and its compatibility with neural network models. It concludes by discussing the implications of Hayek’s theory on the role of a lawyer and the precision of neural networks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: legal analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: generalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: legal concepts
  topic: keywords
subject: logical induction
  topic: keywords
subject: semantic generalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: formal-deductive approach
  topic: keywords
subject: fuzzy logic
  topic: keywords
subject: nonmonotonic defeasible reasoning
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: machine learning
  topic: keywords
subject: neural networks
  topic: keywords
subject: deep learning algorithms
  topic: keywords
subject: legal theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Vadim Verenich
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 41
ending page: 51
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0018

Legal Gaps and their Logical Forms
type: item
description: The concept of legal gap is tackled from a number of logical perspectives and semantic methods. After presenting our own goal (Section 1), a first introduction into legal logic refers to Bobbio’s works and his formalization of legal statements (Sections 2 and 3). Then Woleński’s contribution to the area is taken into account through his reference to the distinction between two juridical systems (viz. Common Law vs Civil Law) and the notion of conditional norms (Section 4). The notion of reason is also highlighted in the case of Raz’s legal logic, thereby leading to a future connection with von Wright’s logic of truth and an analogy made with an anti-realist reading of truth-values and norms (Section 5). Our personal contribution is introduced through a reflection on how logic should deal with the logical form of norms (Section 6), before entering a number of crucial definitions and distinctions for the concepts of norm, legal statement, and promulgation (Section 7). The final point is a proposed semantics for legal statements, which is both many-valued and gap-friendly (Section 8). A distinction between a number of requirements for permission and forbiddance leads to a set of non-classical juridical systems in which non-permission and forbiddance are not equivalent with each other any more; this does justice to Woleński’s former distinction between Common Law and Civil Law, also leading ultimately to a non-classical square of legal oppositions in which several legal operators may collapse into other ones (Section 9).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: forbiddance
  topic: keywords
subject: juridical system
  topic: keywords
subject: legal gap
  topic: keywords
subject: legal statement
  topic: keywords
subject: permission
  topic: keywords
creator: Matheus Gabriel Barbosa
creator: Fabien Schang
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 23
ending page: 40
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0017

Legal Reasoning and Logic
type: item
description: This paper investigates the basis arguments of so-called legal logic and their relation to logic in its standard meaning. There is no doubt that legal arguments belong to logic in the wide sense (sensu largo), but their reduction to schemes of formal logic (logica sensu stricto) is a controversial issue. It can be demonstrated that only some legal arguments fall under explicit rules of formal logic, that is, having a deductive character. Most such reasoning is fallible, and its correctness depends on appealing to extra-logical principles taken from legal norms. For instance, if we say, “If it is permitted more, then it is permitted less” (argumentum a maiori ad minus), we assume that the concepts expressed by the words “more” and “less” are already defined.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: argument
  topic: keywords
subject: premises
  topic: keywords
subject: conclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: legal principle
  topic: keywords
subject: entailment
  topic: keywords
creator: Jan Woleński
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 18
ending page: 22
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0016

How Law’s Nature Influences Law’s Logic
type: item
description: Classical logic is based on an underlying view of the world, according to which there are elementary facts and compound facts, which are logical combinations of these elementary facts. Sentences are true if they correspond to, in last instance, the elementary facts in the world. This world view has no place for rules, which exist as individuals in the world, and which create relations between the most elementary facts. As a result, classical logic is not suitable to deal with rules, and is therefore unsuitable to deal with legal reasoning. A logic that is more suitable should take into account that law is a part of social reality, in particular a part that consists of constructivist facts, and that rules play a central role in law. This article gives a superficial description of how social reality exists and of the place of law and legal rules in it. It uses this description to argue that traditional techniques to reason with and about legal rules provide a better logic for law than classical logic. These techniques can be accommodated in a logic that treats rules as logical individuals.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: classical logic
  topic: keywords
subject: constructivist facts
  topic: keywords
subject: rules
  topic: keywords
subject: social reality
  topic: keywords
creator: Jaap Hage
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 4
ending page: 17

Logic and Law: A Matter of Values Behind Content and Form
type: item
description: This special issue on Logic and Law consists of four research papers and one interview focusing on epistemological reflections on relationships between logic and law, whether in a reductionist or complementary approach. Logic aims to elucidate through formal frameworks, yet it often grapples with the intricate nuances of everyday legal discourse. While law endeavors to delineate permissible conduct within defined jurisdictions, it often encounters challenges stemming from the ambiguity of terms, leading to frequent judicial interpretations and the perception that proliferating exceptions undermines the efficacy of the rule itself.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: legal reasoning
  topic: keywords
subject: law
  topic: keywords
subject: logic
  topic: keywords
subject: truth
  topic: keywords
creator: Fabien Schang
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 1
ending page: 3
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0014

Proof of the Existence of Hell: An Extension of the Stone Paradox
type: item
description: As shown in (Łukowski, 2013), the paradox of the stone is a failed attempt to show that “omnipotence” is a contradictory concept. An element of the argument presented there is that God, while unable to lift the stone, can nevertheless annihilate it. This work considers the amplification of the paradox of the stone to the form generated by the question: can God create a stone which He will not be able to lift, nor, once created, will He be able to destroy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: stone paradox
  topic: keywords
subject: omnipotence of God
  topic: keywords
subject: mercy of God
  topic: keywords
subject: free will
  topic: keywords
subject: apokatastasis
  topic: keywords
subject: empty hell
  topic: keywords
subject: emptiness of hell
  topic: keywords
creator: Piotr Łukowski
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 45
ending page: 50
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0006

Logic and Metalogic: a Historical Sketch
type: item
description: This paper briefly discusses the relations between logic and metalogic in history. Metalogic is understood as a reflection on logic in its various senses, particularly sensu stricto (formal, mathematical) and sensu largo (formal logic plus semantic plus methodology of science). It is shown that metalogic in its contemporary understanding arose after mathematical logic had become a mature discipline. Special passage is devoted to metalogic in Poland. The last part of the paper discussed so-called logocentric predicament.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: metaphysics
  topic: keywords
subject: metamathematics
  topic: keywords
subject: logic sensu largo
  topic: keywords
subject: logic sensu stricto
  topic: keywords
subject: philosophy
  topic: keywords
creator: Jan Woleński
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 39
ending page: 44
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0005

100 Years of Logical Investigations at the University of Poznań
type: item
description: The aim of this paper is to describe the history of logical investigations at the University of Poznań. The organisational structures within the discipline as well as the outstanding logicians and their achievements are presented. Connections with the Lviv–Warsaw School are indicated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: logic
  topic: keywords
subject: University of Poznan
  topic: keywords
subject: Lviv–Warsaw School
  topic: keywords
creator: Roman Murawski
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 28
ending page: 38
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0004

The Warsaw School of Logic: Main Pillars, Ideas, Significance
type: item
description: The Warsaw School of Logic (WSL) was the famous branch of the Lviv-Warsaw School (LWS) – the most important movement in the history of Polish philosophy. Logic made the most important field in the activities of the WSL. The aim of this work is to highlight the role and significance of the WSL in the history of logic in the 20th century.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: history of logic
  topic: keywords
subject: program assumptions and ideas of the WSL
  topic: keywords
subject: Łukasiewicz
  topic: keywords
subject: Leśniewski
  topic: keywords
subject: Tarski
  topic: keywords
subject: major achievements of representative of the WSL
  topic: keywords
subject: importance of the WSL in the history of logic in the 20th century
  topic: keywords
creator: Urszula Wybraniec-Skardowska
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
starting page: 17
ending page: 27
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0003

From the History of Lesniewski’s Mereology
type: item
description: In this paper, we want to present the genesis of Stanisław Lesniewski’s mereology. Although ‘mereology’ comes from theword ‘part’, mereology arose as a theory of collective classes. That is why we present the differences between the concepts of being a distributive class and being a collective class. Next, we present Lesniewski’s original mereology from 1927, but with a modern approach. Lesniewski was inspired to create his concept of classes and their elements by Russell’s antinomy. To face it, Lesniewski had to define the concept of being an element of based on the concept of being part of. Lesniewski showed that in his theory, there is no equivalent to Russell’s antinomy. We will show that his solution has nothing to do with the original approach because, in both cases, we are talking about objects of a different kind. Russell’s original antinomy concerned distributive classes, and Lesniewski’s considerations concerned collective classes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: mereology
  topic: keywords
subject: Lesniewski
  topic: keywords
subject: collective class
  topic: keywords
subject: distributive class
  topic: keywords
subject: set theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Andrzej Pietruszczak
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
starting page: 5
ending page: 16
doi: 10.2478/

Logic in Poland in the 20th Century
type: item
description: After Poland gained independence in 1918, logic developed very quickly both as a scientific direction and as a taught discipline. This introduction to the special issue “Logic in Poland in the 20th Century,” published in Volume 13:1 (2024) and Volume 13:2 (2024), provides the historical context for the development of logic in the interwar period.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Logic
  topic: keywords
subject: Lviv-Warsaw School
  topic: keywords
subject: Jan Łukasiewicz
  topic: keywords
subject: Stanisław Leśniewski
  topic: keywords
subject: Kazimierz Twardowski
  topic: keywords
creator: Jan Woleński
creator: Andrew Schumann
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-15
publication date: 2024-11-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 4
doi: 10.2478/sh-2024-0001

The Foreign Exchange Rate-Femicide Nexus in Turkey: Evidence from the Cointegration Tests Based on Nonlinear and Fourier Functions
type: item
description: The purpose of this study is to look at femicide from a different perspective, even though it may seem unrelated at first. Accordingly, it investigated the existence of a link between foreign exchange, which was a major cause of the crises and unemployment, and femicide, which was the outcome of violence against women other than murder. The data were acquired from the We Will Stop Femicide Platform and the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey in light of the study’s goal. According to the findings of the investigation, there is a long-term cointegrating association between the foreign exchange rate and femicide in Turkey. After 22.6 days, the deviation induced by a 1% change in the currency rate could be balanced. This study is notable for approaching femicide from a hitherto overlooked economic perspective, as well as demonstrating that exchange rate changes are “vital” in terms of non-economic reality and public health.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: femicide
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign exchange rates
  topic: keywords
subject: cointegration
  topic: keywords
subject: fourier function
  topic: keywords
subject: nonlinearity
  topic: keywords
creator: Gülgün Çiğdem
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 86
ending page: 103
doi: 10.2478/sh-2023-0022

The Influence of Organizational Culture on Human Capital Development of Polish Army Officers in the Context of Post-Service Employment
type: item
description: Organizational culture paves the way for employees, shows how one should function in a given organization – it aims to keep it together by adhering to similar values. Thanks to conditions prevailing there, specific rules employees know how they can perform their duties, properly cooperate with others and also how looks like the possibility of professional development, which is very important in the development of human capital. Human capital is people, their skills, creativity and qualifications. Development of capital through competence development has a positive impact on further functioning of the organization, but also on the satisfaction of employees themselves. In the case of retired officers of the Polish Army, who acquired specialized knowledge and valuable skills during their service, it is important to use their capital after the end of service. They can be supplemented with additional courses, training that will enrich their existing potential, and also enable them to find work in the civilian market. A survey was conducted among retired Army officers and employers/supervisors hiring retired officers from 2019 to 2021. The snowball method was used. A qualitative method was used – a survey questionnaire.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: organizational culture
  topic: keywords
subject: human capital
  topic: keywords
subject: professional development officer of the Polish Army
  topic: keywords
subject: retirement
  topic: keywords
creator: Aleksandra Aleksandra Rzepecka
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 77
ending page: 85
doi: 10.2478/sh-2023-0021

Structure of Labor: Toward a New Theory of Community and Economic Development
type: item
description: In the United States, the rise in income inequality and downward intergenerational social mobility since the 1970s represent twin problems facing community and economic development today. This paper proposes a Structure of Labor theory to apply at the local and regional level to address these development challenges. The objective is to provide a simple local approach to development that maximizes upward economic mobility and enables individuals and communities to achieve their development goals in the 21st century development landscape of the United States. The proposed theory fuses free-enterprise principles with state-planned dirigiste efforts to maximize the best of both theoretical perspectives. After reviewing pertinent literature and articulating the Structure of Labor theory, the latter sections of the paper explicate its implications for community and economic development practice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Community development
  topic: keywords
subject: economic development
  topic: keywords
subject: free enterprise
  topic: keywords
subject: dirigiste planning
  topic: keywords
subject: labor
  topic: keywords
subject: capital
  topic: keywords
subject: land use
  topic: keywords
subject: public goods
  topic: keywords
subject: access
  topic: keywords
subject: mobility
  topic: keywords
creator: Joseph J. Hyde
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 50
ending page: 76
doi: 10.2478/sh-2023-0020

The Devil’s Triangle: Empirical Evidence from Turkey on Growth, Current Account Deficit, and Inflation
type: item
description: Determining the existence of the relationship between economic growth, current account deficit, and inflation will guide the selection of policies to be implemented. The distortions that may be caused by the policies to be preferred can be minimized by the measures to be taken if the relations are known. From this point of view, this study is a metaphorical study emphasizing the Bermuda Triangle, which caused unexplained losses due to the name given to the study. In the study, to determine the existence and direction of the relations between the variables, Turkey’s annual growth, current account deficit, and inflation data for the 1974–2020 period were taken and subjected to various analyzes. In this study, carried out from this point of view, to determine the existence and direction of the relations between the variables, the annual growth, current account deficit, and inflation data of Turkey for the 1974–2020 period were taken and subjected to various analyzes. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) (1979, 1981) and Philips-Perron (PP) Unit Root tests (1988) and Lee- Strazicich Unit Root Test (2003) were used for stationarity tests. Regression was used since the variables were determined to be stationary at the level and cointegration could not be obtained. The current account deficit changed by 0.181812 units in the negative direction as a result of a one-unit rise in growth, according to the regression analysis (GDP). Furthermore, it has been shown that if inflation increases by one unit, the current account deficit moves in the positive direction by 0.042096 units. Toda Yamamoto Causality Analysis (1995) was used to investigate short-term causality links, and as a consequence, a two-way relationship between GDP and inflation, one-way from GDP and inflation to current account deficit was discovered.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: current account deficit
  topic: keywords
subject: inflation
  topic: keywords
subject: regression
  topic: keywords
subject: Toda Yamamoto
  topic: keywords
creator: Gülgün Çiğdem
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Studia Humana
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
doi: 10.2478/sh-2023-0019

Response to Hewitt on Abortion
type: item
description: The defense argument in favor of abortion sees the fetus as an invader, a trespasser, someone against whom violence is justified, since this very young person (the fetus) has initiated violence against his mother. Hewitt [30] rejects this argument. The present paper maintains the justification of this defense argument. My perspective is based on the private property rights of the mother. She owns her person. It is as if her body is her house, and a trespasser has invaded it. Surely, she has the right to evict such a person. This analogy is relatively easy to see in the case of rape. The unwanted fetus, now occupying a part of her body is in effect a intruder. If she really owns her body, which I contend she certainly does, she has a right to expel this person from her property. I also argue that voluntary sexual intercourse does not constitution an “invitation” for the pre-born baby to occupy her premises for nine months.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Walter E. Block
rights: Copyright (c) 2024
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 23
ending page: 33
doi: 10.2478/sh-2023-0018